Mémoires sur la guerre d'Espagne, de 1808 à 1811, 1819.
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Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, 1768-1844
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Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844) was the Count of Survilliers, the exiled King of Naples and Spain, and the older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, Joseph's family, including Napoleon himself, made arrangements to sail for America. Before departure, however, Napoleon decided to remain in France, as did Joseph's wife, Julie, whose poor health prevented her from traveling with her husband. After brief stops in New York and Philadelphia, Joseph purchased a 211-acre estate ...
Clermont-Tonnerre, Aimé-Marie-Gaspard, duc de, 1779-1865
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Historical note: from December 14, 1821, to August 4, 1824, Clermont-Tonnerre served the French Prime Minister, Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, as Minister of the Navy and the Colonies. He then was appointed Minister of War on August 4, 1824 and served until January 4, 1828. After the July 1830 revolution, Clermont-Tonnerre refused to swear allegiance to the new government of Louis-Philippe and retired into private life but returned briefly to the public in 1852, to advocate laying the railroad betwe...